Hydraulics

Fundamental properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility.

Fluid pressure concepts, Pascal's Law, pressure variation with depth, and manometers.

Calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved submerged surfaces, including magnitude and location (Center of Pressure).

Archimedes' principle, buoyant force calculations, and stability criteria for floating and submerged bodies.

Analysis of fluids subjected to uniform linear acceleration and rotation, where fluid particles remain at rest relative to the container.

Study of fluid motion without considering forces, including flow types, continuity equation, and flow nets.

Dynamics of fluid flow including Bernoulli's equation, energy lines, the impulse-momentum principle, and practical applications.

Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, friction factor, and calculation of head loss in pipes.

Analysis of complex pipe systems including series, parallel, branching pipes, and networks.

Devices and methods for measuring flow rate, including orifices, venturi meters, and weirs.

Flow in open channels, geometric elements, Chezy and Manning formulas, and most efficient hydraulic sections.

Specific energy, critical depth, hydraulic jumps, and gradually varied flow profiles.

Principles of pumps and turbines, power calculations, characteristic curves, and cavitation.

Principles of dimensional analysis, Buckingham Pi theorem, and hydraulic models.