Hydraulics

Fluid properties used in hydraulics, including density, viscosity, surface tension, capillarity, vapor pressure, compressibility, and ideal-gas behavior.

Static-fluid pressure, pressure references, pressure head, barometers, piezometers, Pascal transmission, and manometer analysis.

Hydrostatic resultants and centers of pressure on plane and curved surfaces, gate moments, thin-wall pressure loading, and introductory gravity-dam equilibrium checks.

Archimedes' principle, flotation, submerged and floating stability, metacentric height, free-surface effects, ballast, and uplift.

Pressure fields and free-surface geometry for liquids in uniformly translating and rigidly rotating containers.

Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions, flow classification, material acceleration, continuity, deformation, vorticity, stream functions, velocity potentials, and flow nets.

Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, Bernoulli and extended energy equations, grade lines, control-volume momentum, jets, moving vanes, turbomachinery, and cavitation.

Reynolds number, laminar and turbulent pipe flow, Darcy-Weisbach resistance, friction factors, roughness, local losses, empirical water formulas, wall shear, and energy-grade interpretation.

Series, parallel and branching systems, nonlinear resistance, equivalent pipes, reservoir junctions, Hardy Cross and nodal methods, pumps and controls, extended-period operation, and hydraulic transients.

Differential-pressure meters, orifices, Pitot measurements, discharge coefficients, sharp-crested weirs, velocity-area methods, calibration, installation effects, and measurement uncertainty.

Uniform open-channel hydraulics from section geometry and resistance laws through normal depth, conveyance, efficient sections, and partially full circular conduits.

Specific energy, critical controls, hydraulic jumps, gradually varied flow, profile classification, and numerical water-surface calculations.

Pump and turbine energy transfer, operating points, efficiency, similarity, NPSH, cavitation, specific speed, and machine selection over the full duty envelope.

Dimensional homogeneity, Buckingham Pi analysis, dimensionless hydraulic parameters, model-prototype scaling, distorted models, and scale-effect control.