Hydraulics

Fundamental properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility.

Fluid pressure concepts, Pascal's Law, pressure variation with depth, and manometers.

Calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved submerged surfaces, including magnitude and location (Center of Pressure).

Archimedes' principle, flotation, metacentric stability, free-surface effects, and stability of floating and submerged bodies.

Analysis of liquids subjected to uniform linear acceleration and rigid-body rotation.

Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions, material acceleration, flow classification, continuity, deformation, vorticity, stream functions, velocity potentials, and flow nets.

Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, Bernoulli and extended energy equations, hydraulic and energy grade lines, control-volume momentum, correction coefficients, jets, vanes, and cavitation limits.

Laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, friction factor, and calculation of head loss in pipes.

Series, parallel and branching pipes, resistance formulations, equivalent systems, three-reservoir problems, Hardy Cross and nodal-head network methods, pumps, valves, demands, and hydraulic transients.

Devices and methods for measuring flow rate, including orifices, venturi meters, and weirs.

Open-channel geometry, uniform-flow resistance, normal depth, and hydraulically efficient sections.

Specific energy, critical controls, momentum function, hydraulic jumps, gradually varied flow equations and profiles, and direct- and standard-step computations.

Pump and turbine energy transfer, system and machine curves, operating points, efficiencies, affinity laws, series and parallel operation, BEP, NPSH, cavitation, specific speed, and selection.

Dimensional homogeneity, Buckingham Pi theorem, dimensionless hydraulic parameters, model–prototype scale laws, distorted models, and scale effects.