Lab 09: Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry

Learning Objectives

  • Determine the specific heat capacity of a metal sample or liquid.
  • Apply conservation of energy to heat exchange in a calorimeter.
  • Measure temperature change accurately and consistently.
  • Identify heat losses to the surroundings and calorimeter as sources of error.

This placeholder is prepared for a complete laboratory experiment on calorimetry. It can be adapted for a metal-sample calorimetry activity, mixture method, electrical heating method, or cooling-curve comparison.

Heat transfer

Heat gained or lost by a body is related to mass, specific heat, and temperature change.

Q=mcΔTQ = mc\Delta T

Variables

SymbolDescriptionUnit
QQheat transferredJ
mmmasskg
ccspecific heat capacityJ/(kg·K)
ΔT\Delta Tchange in temperatureK or °C

Heat exchange principle

In an ideal insulated system, heat lost by the hot body equals heat gained by the cold body.

Qlost+Qgained=0Q_{\text{lost}} + Q_{\text{gained}} = 0

Suggested Apparatus

ApparatusPurpose
Calorimeter or insulated cupReduces heat exchange with surroundings.
Thermometer or temperature probeMeasures initial and final temperatures.
BalanceMeasures masses of sample and water.
Metal sample or test liquidMaterial whose specific heat is measured.
Hot water bathHeats the sample to a known starting temperature.

Placeholder procedure outline

  1. Measure the mass of the calorimeter, water, and test sample as required.
  2. Record the initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter.
  3. Heat the metal sample or test liquid to a known temperature.
  4. Transfer the hot sample quickly into the calorimeter.
  5. Stir gently and record the final equilibrium temperature.
  6. Use heat exchange equations to solve for the unknown specific heat capacity.
  7. Repeat trials and compare with reference values if available.

Data Table Placeholder

TrialMass of sample, kgInitial sample tempMass of water, kgInitial water tempFinal tempComputed cc
1
2
3

Safety note

Handle hot water, heated metals, and glassware carefully. Use tongs or insulated gloves when transferring heated samples.

To complete this lab

Add the calorimeter correction method if required, sample calculation, expected reference values, and post-lab questions about heat loss and thermal equilibrium.