Fundamentals Of Surveying

Definition, classifications, precision vs accuracy, and types of errors in surveying.

Methods of measuring horizontal distances, pacing, taping, tape corrections, and tacheometry.

Differential leveling, profile leveling, curvature/refraction, and reciprocal leveling.

Reference meridians, bearings, azimuths, magnetic declination, and interior/exterior angles.

Open and closed traverses, latitudes and departures, balancing methods, and coordinate geometry.

Methods for calculating land areas, including coordinate method, DMD/DPD, and Trapezoidal/Simpson's rule.

Contour lines, characteristics of contours, interpolation, and plotting methods.

Methods for calculating cut and fill volumes including the end-area method and prismoidal formula.

Fundamentals of horizontal curves, components, and mathematical relationships.

Techniques for measuring water depth, discharge, tides, and currents.

Principles, segments, methods, coordinate systems, and error sources in GPS surveying.

Basics of aerial photography, scale calculations, relief displacement, and GIS components.